Metal fluorides nanoconfined in carbon nanopores as reversible high capacity cathodes for Li and Li-ion rechargeable batteries: FeF 2 as an example. Insights into the effects of electrolyte composition on the performance and stability of FeF 2 conversion-type cathodes. Engineering uniform nanocrystals: mechanism of formation and self-assembly into bimetallic nanocrystal superlattices. Synthesis and characterization of monodisperse nanocrystals and close-packed nanocrystal assemblies. First-principles investigation of the Li-Fe-F phase diagram and equilibrium and nonequilibrium conversion reactions of iron fluorides with lithium. Identifying the local structures formed during lithiation of the conversion material, iron fluoride, in a Li ion battery: a solid-state NMR, X-ray diffraction, and pair distribution function analysis study. Conversion reaction mechanisms in lithium ion batteries: study of the binary metal fluoride electrodes. Origins of large voltage hysteresis in high-energy-density metal fluoride lithium-ion battery conversion electrodes. Contributed papers brief introduction of X-ray multiple diffraction. Tracking lithium transport and electrochemical reactions in nanoparticles. Revisiting conversion reaction mechanisms in lithium batteries: lithiation-driven topotactic transformation in FeF 2. Transport, phase reactions, and hysteresis of iron fluoride and oxyfluoride conversion electrode materials for lithium batteries. Ionic and electronic transport in metal fluoride conversion electrodes. Interplay between the ionic and electronic transport and its effects on the reaction pattern during the electrochemical conversion in an FeF 2 nanoparticle. Atomistic insights into the conversion reaction in iron fluoride: a dynamically adaptive force field approach. Understanding electrochemical potentials of cathode materials in rechargeable batteries. Nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries. Transition metal (Fe, Co, Ni) fluoride-based materials for electrochemical energy storage. Fluoride based electrode materials for advanced energy storage devices. Electrochemically driven conversion reaction in fluoride electrodes for energy storage devices. Li-storage via heterogeneous reaction in selected binary metal fluorides and oxides. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Technological, economic and environmental prospects of all-electric aircraft. This new understanding is used to showcase the inherently high discharge rate capability of FeF 2. The reversibility of the conversion reaction is governed by topotactic cation diffusion through an invariant lattice of fluoride anions and the nucleation of metallic particles on semicoherent interfaces. Phase evolution, diffusion kinetics and cell failure are critically influenced by surface-specific reactions. High-resolution analytical transmission electron microscopy reveals intricate morphological features, lattice orientation relationships and oxidation state changes that comprehensively describe the conversion mechanism. This stability extends over 200 cycles at much higher rates (C/2) and temperatures (50 ☌). Near theoretical capacity (570 mA h g −1) and extraordinary cycling stability (>90% capacity retention after 50 cycles at C/20) is achieved solely through the use of an ionic liquid electrolyte (1 m LiFSI/Pyr 1,3FSI), which forms a stable solid electrolyte interphase and prevents the fusing of particles. Here, we present an ideal system for mechanistic study through the colloidal synthesis of single-crystalline, monodisperse iron( ii) fluoride nanorods. The application of transition metal fluorides as energy-dense cathode materials for lithium ion batteries has been hindered by inadequate understanding of their electrochemical capabilities and limitations.
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